With a PhD in Oceanography at Old Dominion University you will typically have studied a wide range of fields including the utilisation and exploitation of natural resources and the effects of human activities on biological, chemical and physical processes that form resources and control ecosystems, explored the Earth and its interior and its dynamic interaction with the crust, including: the major rocks and minerals and their economic importance, the geological time scale and fossils, plate tectonics and volcanism and earthquakes. You will also have explored the processes operating in the surface and ocean environments on Earth, and the resulting deposits and landforms, including oceanography, climate change, the hydrological cycle, rivers and groundwater, glaciers, erosion and mass movement, and soil formation with additional study of weather and climate, hydrology and soil science, oceanography and environmental monitoring.